Why businesses should work to keep their promises
Breaking a promise is costly, but exceeding it might not be worth the effort.

A bar chart plotting study participants’ happiness ratings, on a scale of five to negative five, with the broken promise scenario getting a negative three at the time, then a negative two when thinking back on it later. The kept promise scenario got a four at the time and a three later. And the exceeded promise scenario got a three at the time and a three-and-a-half later.

Companies laboring to exceed promises made to customers or employees may find that the extra effort is not appreciated.

  • In a series of experiments, Chicago Booth’s Nicholas Epley and University of California, San Diego’s Ayelet Gneezy, asked participants to rate how they felt after experiencing promises that had been broken, kept, or exceeded. The researchers found that broken promises made participants very unhappy, but exceeded promises didn’t make them happier than when promises were kept (see chart).
  • Participants also failed to notice the extra effort exerted in doing more than promised. In their view, those who exceeded their promises worked no harder than those who simply kept them.
  • This behavior can extend to relationships in business, such as between employers and their employees or companies and their customers.
  • In one experiment, participants were asked to imagine buying concert tickets online. They received tickets for seats that were either more poorly situated, better situated, or exactly where promised. Those who got better seats were no more satisfied than those who got the tickets they expected.
  • The implication is that companies should do their best to avoid breaking any promises, but those laboring to exceed them may find that the extra effort is not appreciated.

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